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Five of these studies [15, 18, 19, 21, 23] reported no significant changes

Beyond their established role as energy substrates, SCFAs act as localized and systemic signaling molecules through G protein-coupled receptors (GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A), thereby mediating bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral organs 165

Continuous ROS production results in oncogene and tumor suppressor gene changes, as well as chromosomal abnormalities by oxidative genome damage, which includes the oxidation of guanine to form 8-OhdG and 8-oxo,7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-OHG) in RNA and DNA (100)

In Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII (pp